4  S  ; 

H3  i 

CONNECTICUT  Y\o.  \A6'    i? 


MRIGOLTURAL  EXPERIMEIT  STATIOI 


NEW     HAVEN,     CONN. 


BULLETIN    125,  APRIL,  1898. 


Preparation  and  Application  of  Fungicides. 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Notice  as  to  Bulletins  and  Reports 2 

Object  of  Spraying 3 

Substances  used  as  Fungicides 3 

Preparation  of  Fungicides 4 

Copper  Sulphate  Solution .  4 

Bordeaux  Mixture 4 

Bordeaux  and  Paris  Green. 5 

Ammonia  Solution  of  Copper  Carbonate ,. 5 

Potassium  Sulphide 6 

Corrosive  Sublimate 6 

Formalin 6 

Spraying  Apparatus 6 

Pail    Pumps 7 

Knapsack  Sprayers 7 

Barrel   Pumps 9 

Steam  Sprayers 13 

Special  Outfits 13 

Nozzles.. 15 

■Cost  of  Materials 16 

"When  to  Spray 16 


Notice  as  to  Bulletins. 

The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Con- 
necticut who  apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  far  as  the  limited 
editions  permit. 

Applications  should  be  renewed  annually  before  January  1st. 

The  matter  of  all  the  Bulletins  of  this  Station,  in  so  far  as  it  is 
new  or  of  permanent  value,  will  be  made  part  of  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Station  Staffs 

All  Bulletins  earlier  than  No.  11  and  Nos.  83,  86,  93,  100,  101 
and  118  are  exhausted  and  cannot  be  supplied. 


Notice  as  to  Supply  of  Station  Reports. 

The  Station  has  no  supply  of  its  Annual  Reports  for  the  years 
1877,  1878,  1879,  1880,  1881,  1882,  1883,  1887  and  1891. 

The  Annual  RejDort  of  this  Station,  printed  at  State  expense,  is 
by  law  limited  to  an  edition  of  7,000  copies. 

After  exchanging  with  other  Experiment  Stations  and  Agricul- 
tural Journals,  the  Reports  remaining  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Station  will  be  sent  to  citizens  of  Connecticut  who  shall  seasona- 
bly apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  long  as  the  supply  lasts. 


FOEMEE    RePOETS    WaNTED. 

There  is  frequent  call  for  our  earlier  Annual  Reports  on  the 
part  of  public  Libraries,  students,  chemists,  naturalists,  and  sta- 
tion workers. 

Persons  who  can  supply  copies  of  Reports  for  any  of  the  yearB 
above  named,  will  be  likely  to  find  purchasers  by  communicating 
with  the  Director. 


PREPARATION    AND    APPLICATION    OP 
FUNGICIDES. 

By  Wm.  C.  Stuegis,  Ph.D. 

The  present  Bulletin  has  been  prepared  with  the  view  of 
meeting  the  constant  demand  for  some  concise  and  definite 
advice  upon  the  methods  of  spraying  plants  to  prevent  diseases 
caused  by  fungi.  It  is  not  intended  as  a  guide  to  the  diseases 
themselves.  That  subject  was  treated  at  some  length  and  in  a 
popular  manner  in  Bulletin  115  of  this  Station,  and  in  our 
Spraying  Calendar,  issued  in  March,  1893,  Both  of  these  pub- 
lications gave  a  list  of  fruits  and  vegetables  most  commonly 
grown,  indications  by  which  the  fungous  diseases  which  attack 
them  may  be  recognized,  and  the  course  of  treatment  to  be 
pursued  in  each  case.  For  the  determination  of  any  particular 
disease  therefore,  the  reader  is  referred  to  those  publications, 
copies  of  which  will  be  sent  on  application.  A  very  much  fuller 
list  of  economic  plants,  the  fungous  diseases  to  which  they  are 
subject  and  references  to  publications  which  treat  of  them  in 
detail,  was  published  in  our  Annual  Report  for  1897.  This  list 
is  intended  for  the  use  of  those  who  desire  to  make  a  careful 
study  of  the  whole  subject. 

THE    OBJECT    OF    SPRAYING. 

Plants  are  sprayed  with  fungicides  in  order  to  2J^'^vent  the 
attacks  of  parasitic  fungi.  Although  sometimes  spraying  will 
check  the  spread  of  a  disease  after  its  inception,  it  is  primarily 
a  means  of  prevention  rather  than  a  cure.  This  end  is  attained 
by  coating  all  portions  of  the  plant  with  some  substance  fatal 
to  fungous  growth  and  which  will  therefoi'e  kill  any  fungous 
germs  already  present  on  the  plant  and  prevent  those  which  are 
carried  to  it  later  by  the  wind  or  other  agencies  from  starting  a 
disease. 

SUBSTANCES  USED    AS    FUNGICIDES. 

The  various  salts  of  copper  are  all  deti'imental  to  fungous 
life. 

Sulphate  of  Copper  or  "blue-stone"  is  the  cheapest  and  most 
effective  fungicide ;  it  is  therefore  the  one  most  commonly  used.    A 


4  CONN.    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 

solution  of  tliis  substance  injures  leaves  to  which  it  is  applied;  it 
must  therefore  be  changed,  before  use,  to  hydrate  of  copper. 
This  is  done  by  adding  white-wash  to  it,  thus  forming  what  is 
known  as  Bordeaux  Mixture.  This  is  not  a  solution.  It  forms 
a  bluish  deposit  on  foliage  and  fruit  and  its  use  is  therefore  to  be 
avoided  after  the  fruit  has  begun  to  color.  Paris  Green  or  Lon- 
don Purple  can  safely  be  used  in  connection  with  Bordeaux 
Mixture.     (See  ji.  5.) 

Another  useful  fungicide  is  Carbonate  of  Copper  dissolved  in 
Ammonia,  The  arsenites,  such  as  Paris  Green  and  London 
Purple,  can  not  be  used  with  this,  since  they  are  soluble  in  am- 
monia and,  when  in  solution,  are  very  injurious  to  foliage.  It 
is  a  clear  liquid  however,  is  easily  applied  and  does  not  spot 
fruit  or  foliage  to  which  it  is  applied.  It  is  sometimes  used  in 
cases  where  a  fungicide  must  be  applied  to  fruit  shortly  before 
harvest.      (See  p.  5.) 

Potassium  Sulphide  or  "Liver  of  Sulphur"  is  a  salt  of  potash, 
soluble  in  water  and  forming  a  clear  solution  ;  it  is  very  use- 
ful in  certain  cases,  notably  in  all  forms  of  surface  mildew. 

Sulphur  or  "Flowers  of  Sulphur''  is  also  an  effective  remedy 
for  mildews  and  similar  diseases.  In  the  field  it  is  dusted  on  the 
plants  and  in  the  greenhouse  it  may  be  mixed  with  linseed  oil 
and  applied  to  the  heating  pipes. 

PREPARATION    OF    FUNGICIDES. 

Sulphate  of  Copper  Solution. — This  is  prepared  by  dis- 
solving one  pound  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  15  to  25  gallons  of 
water.  This  is  generally  destructive  to  foliage  and  must  be  used 
while  the  plants  are  dormant.  It  kills  lichens  and  mosses  on  the 
bark  of  trees  and  rids  the  latter  of  fungous  germs  before  the 
growing  season  begins. 

Bordeaux  Mixture.— 

Suljaliate  of  Copper, ..5  lbs. 

Lime, 5  lbs. 

"Water, 45  to  50  galls. 

The  object  to  be  aimed  at  in  preparing  this  mixture  is  the 
rapid  union  of  the  two  substances  in  diluted  solution  and  the 
thorough  mixing  of  the  same.     Therefore  proceed  as  follows  : 

Dissolve  5  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  copper  either  by  adding  it  to  two 
or  three  gallons  of  hot  water  or  by  enclosing  it  in  a  coarse  bag 


PEEPAKATION   OF   FUNGICIDES.  0 

and  suspending  the  whole  in  a  half-barrel  of  cold  water  so  that 
the  water  jilst  covers  the  sulphate.*  When  dissolved,  dilute  with 
cold  water  to  15  gallons.  Slake  5  lbs.  of  perfectly  fresh  (not  air- 
slaked)  stone  lime  in  a  little  water,  preferably  hot.  When 
thoroughly  slaked,  dilute  and  pour  it  into  the  spraying-cask,  using, 
if  necessary,  a  strainer  or  piece  of  coarse  bagging  to  strain  out  the 
coarse  sediment.  If  the  lime  is  of  good  quality  and  is  properly 
slaked,  there  will  be  no  lumps.  Add  water  to  make  30  galls. 
Pour  the  sulphate  solution  as  rapidly  as  2^ossihle  into  the  white- 
wash, stirring  thoroughly  for  two  or  three  minutes.  The  result- 
ing mixture  should  be  of  a  pure,  deep  blue  color,  and  should  settle 
very  slowly. 

If,  for  any  reason,  it  is  more  convenient  to  reverse  the  process 
and  pour  the  white-wash  into  the  sulphate  solution,  this  may  be 
done  with  equally  good  results,  providing  both  solutions  are 
dilute. 

Bordeaux  and  Paris  Greeu.— This  is  a  combined  fungicide 
and  insecticide  prepared  by  mixing  ^  lb.  of  Paris  Green  to  a 
smooth  paste  with  a  little  water  and  adding  it  to  every  45  or  50 
galls,  of  Bordeaux  mixture. 

Note  1. —  Cojjper  sulphate  corrodes  most  kinds  of  metals ;  it 
must  therefore  be  used  only  in  copj^er,  brass,  or  xoooden  vessels. 

Note  2. —  Much  time  may  be  saved  at  the  spraying  season  by 
preparing  before-hand  stock  solutions  of  copper  sulphate  and 
lime,  containing,  in  separate  vessels,  any  number  of  pounds  in  half 
the  number  of  gallons  of  water.  One  gallon  of  either  stock  solution 
will  then  contain  two  pounds  of  either  copper  sulphate  or  lime  and 
the  time  consumed  in  weighing  and  dissolving  will  be  saved. 
Care  must  be  taken  to  protect  the  stock  solution  of  copper  sulpjhate 
from  evaporation  by  keeping  it  in  a  closed  vessel,  and  to  keep  the 
lime  2)rotected  by  at  least  two  inches  of  icater. 

Ammonia  Solution  of  C'arlbonate  of  Copper. — 

Carbonate  of  Copper, 5  oz. 

Ammonia  (strong), ..3  pts. 

Water, 45  to  50  galls. 

Mix  the  carbonate  of  copper  to  a  thick  paste  with  water.  Add 
the  ammonia  slowly  until  the  paste  is  dissolved,  using,  if  neces- 

*  Copper  sulphate  dissolves  much  more  readily  when  pulverized  or  granulated. 
It  can  be  procured  in  this  condition  from  The  Nichols  Chemical  Co.,  32  Liberty 
St.,  New  York.      (Seep.  16.) 


6  CONN.    EXPEKIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 

sary,  a  little  more  than  the  three  pints.  A  clear,  dark-blue 
solution  results.     Dilute  with  water  to  45  or  50  galls. 

Note  3. —  The  strong,  undiluted  solution  may  he  made  in  quan- 
tity and  diluted  for  use  as  needed. 

Note  4, — The  arsenites  {Paris  Green  or  London  Purple)  can 
not  he  used  toith  this  solution. 

Potassium  Sulphide. — This  is  used  in  solution.  Dissolve 
1  oz.  of  the  sulphide  in  3  galls,  of  water,  and  apply  as  a  spray. 

Note  5. — Sulphide  of  potassium  must  not  he  exposed  to  the  air. 
It  should  he  kept  in  tightly-stoppered  hottles. 

Corrosive  Sublimate. — This  is  the  bichloride  of  mercury 
and  is  used  as  a  disinfectant  for  potato  "  seed  "  affected  with  scab. 

Dissolve  4  oz.  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  30  galls,  of  water  in  a 
cask  or  barrel.  Put  the  potatoes  in  a  loosely-woven  sack  and  im- 
merse them  in  the  solution  for  1^  hours.  Spread  them  out  to  dry, 
then  cut  and  plant  as  usual. 

Note  6. —  Corrosive  sublimate  is  a  fatal  poison  if  taken  inter- 
nally. Do  not  leave  the  solutiofi  u?icovered.  Do  not  use  the 
harrel  for  any  other  purpose  except  after  a  thorough  rinsing  with 
hot  water.     Plant  or  hury  all  treated  tuhers. 

Note  1. —  Corrosive  suhlimate  attacks  all  metals  ^'  it  must  there- 
fore he  used  in  wooden  vessels  only. 

Formalin. — This  is  a  40^  solution,  in  water,  of  formaldehyde 
gas.     It  is  used  to  disinfect  "  seed  "  potatoes. 

To  30  galls,  of  water  add  1  pint  of  formalin.  Soak  the  tubers 
in  this  solution  for  two  hours,  then  cut  and  plant  as  usual. 
Formalin  is  apparently  as  efficacious  as  corrosive  sublimate  in  the 
treatment  of  seed  potatoes,  and  further  possesses  the  advantages 
of  being  non-poisonous  and  of  not  corroding  metals.  Its  use  will 
doubtless  supersede  that  of  corrosive  sublimate  for  the  treatment 
of  scabby  seed-potatoes. 

SPRAYING    PUMPS. 

The  object  of  spraying  being  to  apply  a  small  quantity  of  a 
fungicide  over  a  large  surface,  often  at"  a  considerable  height 
above  the  ground  and  with  the  greatest  possible  economy  of 
materials,  time  and  labor,  it  is  essential  to  use  some  form  of 
apparatus  which  will  deliver  the  liquid  in  a  finely  divided  spray 
and  with  considerable  force.  To  accomplish  these  ends  most 
manufacturers  of  pumps  now  supply  outfits  especially  adapted  to 


SPBAYING    PTJMPS.  7 

spraying.  ■  Although  the  initial  expense  of  such  outfits  seems 
large,  it  is  speedily  returned  in  the  saving  in  labor  and  materials 
which  their  use  ensures. 

Spraying  pumps  are  made  in  various  patterns  and  sizes  accord- 
ing to  the  use  for  which  they  are  intended.  They  maybe  grouped 
in  five  classes,  as  follows.  (1)  Pail  Pumps, — small  force-pumps, 
provided  with  an  air-chamber  and  used  in  connection  with  a  pail; 
suitable  for  greenhouse  work  and  for  spraying  individual  plants 
or  small  areas.  (2.)  Knapsack  Sprayers, — copper  tanks  of  4-6 
gallons  capacity,  carried  on  the  back  of  the  operator  and  provided 
with  small  force-pumps ;  suitable  for  the  spraying  of  vineyards 
and  small  fruits.  (3)  Barrel  Pumps, — powerful  force-pumps 
adapted  for  attachment  to  a  barrel  or  tank;  suitable  for  the 
spraying  of  orchards  or  large  areas  of  low-growing  plants.  (4) 
Steam  Sprayers,~vQvj  powerful  pumps,  driven  by  steam-power; 
expensive  and  adapted  principally  to  the  spraying  of  tall  trees  or 
to  cooperative  work  on  the  part  of  a  number  of  orchardists  com- 
bined. (5)  Special  Outfits, — adapted  to  some  particular  purpose 
such  as  the  spraying  of  potatoes  on  a  large  scale. 

The  following  pumps  and  outfits  may  be  safely  recommended 
as  among  the  best  in  their  respective  classes. 

PAIL    PUMPS. 

These  can  be  procured  of  any  manufacturer  of  pumps.  The 
following  are  good  patterns. 

^'Perfect  Success,"  made  by  The  Doming  Co.,  Salem,  Ohio; 
list  price,  17.00. 

"  Bordeaux,''^  made  by  The  Goulds  Mfg.  Co.,  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y. ;  list  price,  $9.00. 

"  Aquarius,"^'  made  by  Messrs.  W.  &  B.  Douglas,  Middletown, 
Conn. ;  list  price,  |10.50. 

KNAPSACK    SPRAYERS. 

These  are  somewhat  burdensome  and  inconvenient  to  use,  and 
the  special  lines  of  work  to  which  they  are  adapted  can  often  be 
served  equally  well  by  the  more  generally  useful  barrel-pumps. 
The  following  patterns  of  knapsack  sprayers  are  among  the  best. 

^'■Eclipse  KnapsacJc,"  outfit  No.  1,  made  by  Messrs,  Morrill  & 
Morley,  Benton  Harbor,  Mich. ;  list  price,  $12.00.  This  sprayer 
is  illustrated  in  Fig.  1.     It  is  claimed  for  it  that,  having  no  stuff- 


CONN.    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 


ing  box,  it  does  not  leak  or  slop  over  on  the  top  of  the  tank,  and 
that  the  pump  itself  is  not  soldered  in  place  but  can  be  readily 


Fig.  1. 

removed  to  be  cleaned.  The  pump  is  of  brass  throughout, 
the  tank  is  of  copper,  and  the  handle  is  reversible  so  as  to  be  used 
with  either  hand. 

Fig.  2  represents  a  similar  sprayer  known  as  the  "  Handy ^''  and 
manufactured  by  The  Goulds  Mfg.  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 
The  list  price  is  |15.00.  The  pump  possesses  a  stuffing-box,  but 
any  leakage  drips  back  into  the  tank.  The  pump  is  of  brass  and 
the  tank  of  copper. 

The  Field  Force  Pump  Co.  of  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  makes  a  knap- 
sack sprayer  known  as  the  "  Garfield!'''  From  the  description  it 
is  apparently  a  first  class  apparatus.  The  pump  woi'ks  without 
a  stuffing-box,  and  is  provided  with  a  very  large  air-chamber. 
The  list  price  is  llO.OO. 

Note  8.  We  strongly  recommend  prosjMCtive  purchasers  of 
spraying  outfits  to  buy  barrel-pu')n23S  in  preference  to  knapsack 
sprayers  in  all  cases  where  the  toork  to  he  performed  can  he 
equally  well  done  hy  either  outfit. 


SPRAYIJSTG   PinVIPS. 


FiR.  2. 


BARREL   PUMPS. 

For  economy  of  time  and  labor,  and  for  general  utility,  these 
pumps  ai'e  unsurpassed.  The  following  patterns  are  among  the 
best ;  they  represent  the  latest  and  best  expei'ience  of  practical 
orchardists. 

The  '■'Eclipse,''^  No.  2,  Model  97  (Fig.  3),  is  manufactured  by 
Messrs.  Morrill  &  Morley,  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.  This  pump 
and  the  following  one  (Fig.  4)  embody  a  new  principle  in  spray- 
ing pumps,  that  of  placing  both  air-chamber  and  cylinder  within 
the  baiTcl,  thereby  decreasing  the  height  of  the  pump  above  the 
barrel.  This  is  a  distinct  advantage  in  orchard  work  among  low- 
branching  trees.  The  active  parts  of  the  "Eclipse"  are  made  of 
brass,  the  head  and  body  of  iron.  There  is  no  stuffing-box,  but 
the  plunger,  a  short  brass  cylinder,  is  fitted  with  packing.  The 
discharge  pipe  passes  up  through  the  air-chamber.  Both  this 
pump  and  the  following  are  provided  with  a  mechanical  agitator 
attached  to  the  pump  handle,  which  works  satisfactorily. 

The  "  Eclipse  "  is  a  thoroughly  reliable  and  durable  pump  for 
use  with  Bordeaux  mixture.  The  list  price  of  the  pump  alone  is 
ilO.OO,  but  we  recommend  "  Outfit  C,"  consisting  of  pump,  eight 
feet  of  hose,  one  eight-foot  bamboo  extension  rod  and  double 
Vermorel  nozzle.  The  bamboo  extension  is  a  bamboo  pole  bored 
out  and  lined  with  brass;  it  is  a  very  great  improvement  upon  the 
solid  pole  with  hose  attached  which  is  usually  recommended  as  a 
means  of  reaching  the  tops  of  high  trees.     This  outfit  is  listed  at 


10 


CONN.    EXPEKIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 


114.00.  If,  as  is  often  the  case,  a  double  lead  of  hose  is  desired, 
with  extra  extension  rod  and  double  Vermorel  nozzle,  the  makers 
supply  it  for  $4.00,  list  price. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4  represents  the  "Pomona,"  made  by  The  Goulds  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.  In  all  essential  points  this 
pump  is  similar  to  the  "  Eclipse."  The  method  of  construction 
is  practically  the  same  except  in  one  point.  In  the  "  Pomona"  the 
cylinder  is  rather  short  and  is  provided  with  a  stuffing-box ;  the 
plunger  acts  throughout  the  length  of  the  cylinder  and  the  wear 
upon  the  diffierent  portions  of  the  latter  is  thus  equalized.  In  the 
"  Eclipse "  the  wear  comes  principally  near  the  middle  of  the 
cylinder.  The  list-price  of  the  "Pomona,"  with  one  ten-foot 
lead  and  Vermorel  nozzle,  is  $12.25  ;  with  two  ten-foot  leads  and 
two  Vermorel  nozzles,  $14.00.  Any  light  pole  can  be  used  as  an 
extension.     The  cut  shows  the  pump  mounted  on  the  side  of  the 


SPEAYIN&    PUMPS. 


11 


cask,  but  the  manufacturers  are  prepared   to  furnish  the  same 
pump  adapted  to  the  end  of  the  cask. 


Fig.  4. 

A  very  powerful  barrel-pump  is  the  "  Advance,''''  made  by  the 
Deming  Co.,  Salem,  Ohio.     (Fig.  5.)      The  working  parts  are  of 


Fiff.   5. 


brass  and  are  easily  accessible.     The  air-chamber  is  capacious  and 
is  placed  outside  of  the  barrel.    The  list-price  of  the  pump  alone  is 


12 


CONN.    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 


$18.00;  with  one  12-1- ioot  lead,  pole  conneclion  (for  attaching 
the  nozzle  to  an  extension  pole)  and  single  "  Bordeaux  "  nozzle, 
$4.50  extra,  list-price.  The  same  tirm  makes  a  less  expensive 
pump  for  orchard  work,  but  the  model  is  decidedly  inferior  to  the 
"Advance." 

Note  9.  Any  light  wagon  will  serve  as  a  means  of  convey- 
ance for  the  barrel  and  pump.  The  most  desirable  features  are  a 
short,  low  body,  and  a  construction  which  will  allow  the  front 
wheels  to  turn  completely  under  the  body.  If  greater  height  is 
desired  it  can  readily  be  secured  by  erecting  upon  the  wagon  a 
light  scaffolding  upon  which  the  man  who  directs  the  spray  can 


Fig  6. 


SPKAYING   PUlVrPS. 


13 


stand.  Usually  however,  with  any  one  of  the  barrel  pumps  men- 
tioned above,  a  spray  can  be  directed  into  the  tops  of  orchard 
trees  by  a  man  standing  in  an  ordinary  farm  wagon. 

STEAM    SPRAYERS. 

As  mentioned  above,  a  steam  outfit  is  applicable  only  to  very 
extensive,  cooperative  work.  Moreover,  the  demand  for  such 
outfits  is  so  slight  that  few  firms  manufacture  them  and  the 
models  have  not  yet  been  perfected. 

The  Field  Force  Pump  Co.,  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  furnish  to  order  a 
compact  and  apparently  serviceable  steam-sprayer  at  a  list-price 
of  $260.00.  This  outfit  is  shown  in  Fig.  6.  Similar  outfits  are 
described  and  figured  in  the  19th  Annual  Report  of  this  Station, 
for  1895,  pp.  210-213,  and  in  the  Year  Book  of  the  U.  S.  Dept. 
of  Agriculture,  for  1896,  pp.  69-88. 


OUTFITS    FOR    SPECIAL    PURPOSES. 

Growers  of  potatoes  and  other  field  crops  have  created  a 
demand  for  some  appliance  which  will  distribute  a  fungicide  or 
insecticide  over  several  rows  of  plants  at  once  or  over  an  ex- 
tended area.  This  demand  has  been  met  in  several  ways.  One 
of  the  simplest  appliances  for  this  purpose  is  that  described  and 


Fig.  7 


14 


CONN.    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 


figured  in  the  17th  Annual  Report  of  this  Station,  for  1893,  pp. 
74-77.  (Fig.  7.)  In  this  case  the  liquid  is  discharged  through 
a  hose  (A)  into  a  distributing  pipe  (BB)  extending  tranversely 
behind  the  wagon  and  carrying  a  number  of  nozzles  at  intervals 
of  three  feet.  This  pipe  may  be  either  fastened  to  the  barrel  by 
arms  (EE),  or  carried  by  a  man  walking  behind  the  wagon. 
This  outfit  is  cheap,  serviceable  and  easily  constructed. 

Messrs.  Morrill  &  Morley,  of  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.,  raanufac- 
tui'e  an  appliance  illustrated  in  Fig.  8.  This  so-called  "  Universal 
Nozzle  Rig''''  is  adjustable  to  any  wagon,  at  any  height,  and  the 
nozzles  can  be  set  at  any  desired  angle.  It  is  better  adapted  to 
use  in  connection  with  grapes  or  small  fruits  than  with  potatoes. 
The  list-price,  not  including  pump,  is  $13.00. 


Fiff.  8. 


SPRAYING    NOZZLES. 


15 


NOZZLES. 

Whatever  form  of  spraying  apparatus  be  adopted  a  good 
nozzle  is  indispensable.  The  essential  points  in  a  good  nozzle  are 
that  it  must  break  the  liquid  into  a  fine  mist-like  spray  and 
spread  it  evenly  over  as  large  an  area  as  possible,  and  that  it  can 
be  easily  cleared  if  it  becomes  clogged.  There  are  three  or  four 
nozzles  which  answer  these  requirements  admirably.  For  use 
with  a  pump  of  considerable  power  the  McGowen  Nozzle,  sold 
by  John  J.  McGowen,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  is  excellent.  It  is  easily 
adjusted  to  long  or  short  distance  work,  cleans  itself  automati- 
cally and  delivers  a  fine  fan  shaped  spray.  The  price  is  about 
$1.50. 

For  use  with  an  ordinary  knapsack  or  barrel  pump  there  is 
nothing  better  than  the  Vermorel  Nozzle,  Figs.  9  and  10.  In 
this  nozzle  the  liquid  is  forced  through  an  eddy  chamber  and  a 
discharge  cap,  forming  a  conical  spray.  The  fineness  of  the 
spray  may  be  regulated  by  having  two  or  three  discharge-caps 
and  using  one  with  a  smaller  or  a  larger  aperture,  according  to 
the  fineness  of  the  spray  desired. 


Fig.  10. 


It  is  essential,  in  this  form  of  nozzle,  that  there  be  a  joint 
between  the  eddy  chamber  and  the  elbow,  so  that  any  foreign 
substance  which  may  lodge  in  the  elbow  can  readily  be  removed;* 
also  that  the  piston  which  serves  as  a  degorger  in  case  the  nozzle 
clogs,  be  held  back  by  a  spiral  spring  so  as  to  leave  the  aperture 
free  under  ordinary  conditions.  These  points  are  illustrated  in 
Figs.  9  and  10,  the  first  representing  a  single  Yermorel  made  by 
The  Goulds   Mfg.  Co.,   Seneca  Falls,  :N'.  T.,  list-price,  ll.OO ;  the 

*  Another  advantage,  often  overlooked,  of  the  joint  between  the  eddy  chamber 
and  the  elbow  is  that  thereby  the  spray  may  be  directed  at  any  desired  angle,  by 
merely  loosening  or  tightening  the  joint. 


16  CONN.    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULL.    125. 

second  a  double   Vermorel   made  by  Messrs.  Morrell  &  Morley, 
Benton  Harbor,  Mich.,  list-price,  ll.OO.     (Single  10.50.) 

A  similar  nozzle  is  the  '■'' Demmg  Vermorel"  made  by  the 
Deming  Co.,  Salem,  Ohio,  list-price,  $0.80.  The  same  firm  sells 
another  good  nozzle,  the  "  Bordeaux  "/  it  is  readily  cleared  if  it 
becomes  clogged  and  the  fineness  of  the  spray  is  under  immediate 
control,  but  it  throws  a  fan-shaped  spray,  which  is  usually  less 
desirable  than  a  conical  spray.     The  list-price  is  |0.80. 

COST    OF    MATERIALS. 

Lime ...perbbl.  (350  lbs.) $2.25 

Sulphate  of  Copper  (in  ci-ystals) 100  lbs.    4.50 

"  "         "       (granulated)* 100  lbs 5.00 

"  "         "       (granulated)* per  bbl.  (450  lbs.) 18.00 

Carbonate  of  Copper per  lb 0.35 

Ammonia  (26°) per  lb.  (1  pint) 0.12 

Sulphur  (Flowers  of  Sulphur) 10  lbs 0.50 

"        (Flowers  of  Sulphur) (1  bbl.)  per  lb 0.02|- 

Sulphide  of  Potassium  (Liver  of  Sulphur)  .per  lb 0.22 

Corrosive  sublimate per  oz 0.12 

Formalin per  lb.  (1  pint) 0.80 

WHEN    TO    SPRAY. 

Spray  only  in  case  it  is  evident  that  the  plants  are  subject  to 
some  fungous  or  insect  pest  which  can  be  controlled  by  spraying 
and  in  no  less  troublesome  way. 

Spray  to  prevent  rather  than  to  cure. 

AS^:>ra?/ early,  beginning  with  the  plain  solution  of  copper  sul- 
phate (p.  4)  before  buds  swell  and  growth  begins. 

Spray  thoroughly  and  early  for  fungous  pests  with  Bordeaux 
mixture  (p.  4).  The  first  two  or  three  applications  generally  do 
the  most  good. 

Spray  late,  if  necessary,  with  the  ammonia  solution  of  copper 
carbonate  (p.  5),  in  order  to  avoid  spotting  the  fruit. 

Spray  just  before  the  flowers  open  and  just  after  the  petals 
fall,  never  when  the  plants  are  in  full  bloom. 

Spray  once  every  ten  days  or  two  weeks. 

Spray  again  after  a  heavy  rain ;  a  light  shower  will  not  wash 
Bordeaux  mixture  from  the  leaves. 

Spray  thoroughly,  if  at  all. 

*  For  sale,  at  price  quoted,  f.  o.  b.  in  New  York,  by  the  Nichols  Chemical  Co., 
32  Liberty  St.,  New  York.     Terms,  cash  with  order. 


University  of 
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